Add webserver provisioning + vhost scripts, README, cheatsheet

- setup-webserver.sh: idempotent Ubuntu 24.04 LAMP provisioning (Apache event MPM + PHP 8.3-FPM + MariaDB + Node/Python, phpMyAdmin, Composer, Certbot, UFW, Fail2ban; optional components prompted/env-gated) - add-vhost.sh: add an Apache virtual host, optional DB + TLS - CHEATSHEET.md: day-to-day server CLI reference - README.md: setup instructions and env-var matrix
2026-06-22 04:01:43 +00:00
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+# Web Server CLI Cheatsheet — Ubuntu 24.04 (Apache + PHP-FPM + MariaDB)
+
+Daily commands for running the server built by `setup-webserver.sh`.
+
+## Quick status
+
+```bash
+sudo healthcheck                 # custom: all services, disk, memory, ports
+systemctl status apache2         # one service detail
+sudo systemctl --failed          # anything broken?
+htop                             # live CPU/RAM/process (q to quit)
+df -h                            # disk space
+free -h                          # memory + swap
+```
+
+## Apache
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl reload apache2    # apply config, no dropped connections (PREFER)
+sudo systemctl restart apache2   # full restart (drops connections)
+sudo apache2ctl configtest       # check config BEFORE reload — always do this
+apache2ctl -v                    # version
+
+# Manage sites (vhosts)
+sudo a2ensite SITE.conf          # enable a site
+sudo a2dissite SITE.conf         # disable a site
+sudo a2enmod rewrite             # enable a module
+ls /etc/apache2/sites-available/ # all defined sites
+ls /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/   # active sites (symlinks)
+
+# Add a site (your script)
+sudo ./add-vhost.sh example.com
+
+# Logs (live tail, Ctrl+C to stop)
+sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/error.log
+sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/example.com-access.log
+```
+
+## PHP / PHP-FPM
+
+```bash
+php -v                                   # version
+php -m                                   # installed modules
+sudo systemctl restart php8.3-fpm        # restart after ini changes
+php -i | grep opcache                    # check opcache settings
+sudo tail -f /var/log/php8.3-fpm.log     # FPM errors
+
+# Config locations
+/etc/php/8.3/fpm/php.ini                 # main FPM config
+/etc/php/8.3/fpm/conf.d/                 # drop-in .ini files
+/etc/php/8.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf         # worker pool tuning
+```
+
+## MariaDB / MySQL
+
+```bash
+sudo mariadb                     # connect as root (socket auth, no password)
+
+# Inside the mariadb prompt (end each with ;)
+SHOW DATABASES;
+USE mydb;
+SHOW TABLES;
+SELECT user, host FROM mysql.user;
+\q                               # quit
+
+# One-liners from shell
+sudo mariadb -e "SHOW DATABASES;"
+sudo mariadb mydb < dump.sql     # import
+sudo mariadb-dump mydb > dump.sql   # export single DB
+sudo db-backup                   # your nightly backup, run manually
+ls -lh /var/backups/mysql/       # backups
+
+# Create app DB + user
+sudo mariadb -e "CREATE DATABASE app CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;
+  CREATE USER 'app'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'CHANGE_ME';
+  GRANT ALL ON app.* TO 'app'@'localhost'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"
+```
+
+## Firewall (UFW)
+
+```bash
+sudo ufw status verbose          # rules + active?
+sudo ufw allow 8080/tcp          # open a port
+sudo ufw delete allow 8080/tcp   # close it
+sudo ufw deny from 1.2.3.4       # block an IP
+```
+
+## Fail2ban (brute-force bans)
+
+```bash
+sudo fail2ban-client status              # active jails
+sudo fail2ban-client status sshd         # banned IPs for SSH
+sudo fail2ban-client set sshd unbanip 1.2.3.4   # unban
+```
+
+## TLS / Certbot
+
+```bash
+sudo certbot --apache -d example.com -d www.example.com   # get cert
+sudo certbot certificates        # list certs + expiry
+sudo certbot renew --dry-run     # test auto-renew (real renew is automatic)
+```
+
+## Services (systemd) — the universal pattern
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl start|stop|restart|reload|status NAME
+sudo systemctl enable NAME       # start on boot
+sudo systemctl disable NAME      # don't start on boot
+journalctl -u NAME -f            # live logs for any service
+journalctl -u NAME --since "1 hour ago"
+```
+
+## Files & permissions (web root)
+
+```bash
+sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/example.com   # web server owns files
+sudo find /var/www -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;       # dirs
+sudo find /var/www -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;       # files
+du -sh /var/www/*                # folder sizes
+```
+
+## Node (if installed)
+
+```bash
+node -v ; npm -v
+pm2 start app.js --name myapp    # run a node app, kept alive
+pm2 list                         # running apps
+pm2 logs myapp
+pm2 restart myapp
+pm2 startup && pm2 save          # survive reboot
+```
+
+## System maintenance
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y   # update packages
+sudo apt autoremove                      # clean unused
+sudo reboot
+uptime                                   # how long up + load
+who                                      # who's logged in
+last                                     # login history
+```
+
+## Logs — where to look when something breaks
+
+| Problem | Look here |
+|---------|-----------|
+| Site 500 error | `/var/log/apache2/<site>-error.log` |
+| PHP crash | `/var/log/php8.3-fpm.log` |
+| DB won't start | `journalctl -u mariadb` |
+| Can't SSH in | `journalctl -u ssh` (from console) |
+| Service down | `systemctl status <name>` |
+| Anything else | `journalctl -xe` |
+
+## Survival tips
+
+- **Always `configtest` before reloading Apache.** Bad config + restart = site down.
+- **`reload` over `restart`** when possible — no dropped connections.
+- **Keep an SSH session open** when changing SSH/firewall config. Test new login in a *second* terminal before closing the first.
+- **`Ctrl+C`** stops a running command (like `tail -f`). **`q`** quits pagers (`less`, `htop`).
+- **Tab** autocompletes paths/commands. **↑** recalls last command.
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# webserver
+
+Provisioning + virtual-host scripts for a LAMP-style web server on **Ubuntu 24.04 LTS**.
+
+Stack: **Apache** (event MPM) + **PHP 8.3-FPM** + **MariaDB** + Node + Python, with
+phpMyAdmin (IP-restricted), Composer, Certbot, UFW and Fail2ban. `.htaccess` works out
+of the box (`mod_rewrite` + `AllowOverride All`).
+
+## Contents
+
+| File | What it does |
+|------|--------------|
+| [`setup-webserver.sh`](setup-webserver.sh) | One-shot provisioning of a fresh server. Idempotent — safe to re-run. |
+| [`add-vhost.sh`](add-vhost.sh) | Add an Apache virtual host (+ optional DB + TLS) for a domain. |
+| [`CHEATSHEET.md`](CHEATSHEET.md) | Day-to-day CLI commands for running the server. |
+
+## Quick start
+
+On a fresh Ubuntu 24.04 box, as root (or with `sudo`):
+
+```bash
+# 1. Get the scripts
+git clone https://git.rkeus.com/rkeus/webserver.git
+cd webserver
+
+# 2. Provision the server (prompts for each optional component)
+sudo bash setup-webserver.sh
+
+# 3. Verify, then DELETE the test page
+#    http://<server-ip>/info.php
+sudo rm /var/www/html/info.php
+```
+
+### Add a site
+
+```bash
+# Interactive
+sudo bash add-vhost.sh
+
+# Domain as arg, rest prompted
+sudo bash add-vhost.sh example.com
+
+# Domain + web root
+sudo bash add-vhost.sh example.com /var/www/example.com
+```
+
+After DNS points at the server, get HTTPS:
+
+```bash
+sudo certbot --apache -d example.com -d www.example.com
+```
+
+## Non-interactive / automation
+
+Both scripts read environment variables so prompts are skipped — good for CI or
+unattended runs.
+
+`setup-webserver.sh` toggles (`yes` | `no`):
+
+```bash
+sudo INSTALL_NODE=no INSTALL_SWAP=yes HARDEN_SSH=no bash setup-webserver.sh
+```
+
+| Var | Default | Component |
+|-----|---------|-----------|
+| `INSTALL_PHPMYADMIN` | yes | phpMyAdmin, IP-restricted |
+| `INSTALL_NODE` | yes | Node.js + PM2 |
+| `INSTALL_REDIS` | yes | Redis + php-redis |
+| `INSTALL_CERTBOT` | yes | Certbot (cert requested later) |
+| `INSTALL_SWAP` | yes if RAM<4GB | swapfile |
+| `INSTALL_DB_BACKUP` | yes | nightly mysqldump cron |
+| `TUNE_PHP` | yes | OPcache + FPM pool tuning |
+| `INSTALL_HEALTHCHECK` | yes | `healthcheck` command |
+| `HARDEN_SSH` | no | key-only SSH (**lockout risk**) |
+
+Other config (env, with defaults):
+
+| Var | Default | Meaning |
+|-----|---------|---------|
+| `SERVER_NAME` | `_` | default vhost ServerName (catch-all) |
+| `ADMIN_EMAIL` | `admin@example.com` | certbot contact |
+| `TIMEZONE` | `UTC` | system timezone |
+| `PMA_ALLOW_IPS` | `127.0.0.1` | IPs/CIDRs allowed to reach phpMyAdmin |
+| `NODE_MAJOR` | `22` | NodeSource LTS line |
+
+`add-vhost.sh` non-interactive:
+
+```bash
+sudo DOMAIN=example.com MAKE_DB=yes RUN_TLS=yes bash add-vhost.sh
+```
+
+| Var | Default | Meaning |
+|-----|---------|---------|
+| `DOMAIN` | — (required) | the site domain |
+| `WEB_ROOT` | `/var/www/<domain>` | document root |
+| `ADMIN_EMAIL` | `admin@<domain>` | TLS contact |
+| `MAKE_DB` | no | create matching MariaDB DB + user |
+| `RUN_TLS` | no | request Let's Encrypt cert now (DNS must resolve) |
+
+When `MAKE_DB=yes`, generated DB credentials are written to
+`/root/<domain>.db-credentials.txt` (root-only, `chmod 600`).
+
+## Notes & safety
+
+- **Run as root.** Both scripts refuse to run otherwise.
+- **Tested on Ubuntu 24.04.** Other versions warn and continue.
+- **MariaDB root** uses `unix_socket` auth — connect locally with `sudo mariadb`, no password.
+- **phpMyAdmin is not public.** Defaults to localhost only; set `PMA_ALLOW_IPS` or use an
+  SSH tunnel: `ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 user@server` then `http://localhost:8080/phpmyadmin`.
+- **`HARDEN_SSH=yes` can lock you out.** It refuses unless an `authorized_keys` already
+  exists. Keep an SSH session open and test a new login before closing it.
+- After provisioning, **delete** `/var/www/html/info.php`.
+
+See [`CHEATSHEET.md`](CHEATSHEET.md) for the day-to-day command reference.
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# add-vhost.sh — Add an Apache virtual host on Ubuntu 24.04
+#
+# Hybrid: pass args to skip prompts, omit them to be asked.
+#
+#   sudo ./add-vhost.sh                          # fully interactive
+#   sudo ./add-vhost.sh example.com              # domain set, rest prompted
+#   sudo ./add-vhost.sh example.com /var/www/ex  # domain + root set
+#
+# Non-interactive (CI / scripted) — set env vars, prompts auto-skip:
+#   sudo DOMAIN=example.com MAKE_DB=yes RUN_TLS=yes ./add-vhost.sh
+#
+set -euo pipefail
+
+PHP_VER="8.3"
+
+log()  { printf '\n\033[1;32m==> %s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+warn() { printf '\033[1;33m!!  %s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+die()  { printf '\033[1;31mXX  %s\033[0m\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+[[ $EUID -eq 0 ]] || die "Run as root: sudo bash $0"
+
+# Prompt only if stdin is a terminal; else rely on env/args (non-interactive).
+interactive() { [[ -t 0 ]]; }
+
+# ask VAR "Question" "default"  — sets VAR from env, else arg-passed, else prompt, else default
+ask() {
+    local __var="$1" __q="$2" __def="${3:-}" __cur="${!1:-}"
+    [[ -n "$__cur" ]] && return                       # already set (env or earlier arg)
+    if interactive; then
+        local __ans
+        read -rp "$__q${__def:+ [$__def]}: " __ans
+        printf -v "$__var" '%s' "${__ans:-$__def}"
+    else
+        printf -v "$__var" '%s' "$__def"
+    fi
+}
+
+ask_yn() {  # ask_yn VAR "Question" default(yes/no)
+    local __var="$1" __q="$2" __def="${3:-no}" __cur="${!1:-}"
+    [[ -n "$__cur" ]] && return
+    if interactive; then
+        local __ans
+        read -rp "$__q [$( [[ $__def == yes ]] && echo Y/n || echo y/N )]: " __ans
+        __ans="${__ans:-$__def}"
+        case "$__ans" in [Yy]*) printf -v "$__var" yes;; *) printf -v "$__var" no;; esac
+    else
+        printf -v "$__var" '%s' "$__def"
+    fi
+}
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Gather inputs:  positional args win, then env, then prompt
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+DOMAIN="${DOMAIN:-${1:-}}"
+WEB_ROOT="${WEB_ROOT:-${2:-}}"
+
+ask DOMAIN   "Domain (e.g. example.com)"
+[[ -n "$DOMAIN" ]] || die "Domain required"
+# Basic sanity: letters/digits/dots/hyphens only
+[[ "$DOMAIN" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9.-]+$ ]] || die "Invalid domain: $DOMAIN"
+
+ask WEB_ROOT "Web root" "/var/www/${DOMAIN}"
+ask ADMIN_EMAIL "Admin email (for TLS)" "admin@${DOMAIN}"
+ask_yn MAKE_DB "Create matching MySQL database + user?" no
+ask_yn RUN_TLS "Request Let's Encrypt TLS now (DNS must point here)?" no
+
+VHOST_FILE="/etc/apache2/sites-available/${DOMAIN}.conf"
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Web root: ${WEB_ROOT}"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+mkdir -p "$WEB_ROOT"
+if [[ ! -f "${WEB_ROOT}/index.html" && -z "$(ls -A "$WEB_ROOT" 2>/dev/null)" ]]; then
+    echo "<h1>${DOMAIN} works</h1>" > "${WEB_ROOT}/index.html"
+fi
+chown -R www-data:www-data "$WEB_ROOT"
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Write vhost: ${VHOST_FILE}"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+[[ -f "$VHOST_FILE" ]] && warn "Overwriting existing ${VHOST_FILE}"
+cat > "$VHOST_FILE" <<EOF
+<VirtualHost *:80>
+    ServerName ${DOMAIN}
+    ServerAlias www.${DOMAIN}
+    DocumentRoot ${WEB_ROOT}
+
+    <Directory ${WEB_ROOT}>
+        Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks
+        AllowOverride All
+        Require all granted
+    </Directory>
+
+    ErrorLog \${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/${DOMAIN}-error.log
+    CustomLog \${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/${DOMAIN}-access.log combined
+</VirtualHost>
+EOF
+
+a2ensite -q "${DOMAIN}.conf"
+apache2ctl configtest || die "Apache config test failed — fix before reload"
+systemctl reload apache2
+log "Site enabled + Apache reloaded"
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$MAKE_DB" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Create database + user"
+    # DB name from domain: example.com -> example_com
+    DB_NAME="$(echo "$DOMAIN" | tr '.-' '__')"
+    DB_USER="${DB_NAME:0:32}"   # MariaDB user max 32 chars (10.4+ allows 80, stay safe)
+    # Generate random password
+    DB_PASS="$(openssl rand -base64 18 | tr -d '/+=' | head -c 20)"
+
+    mariadb <<SQL
+CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS \`${DB_NAME}\` CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
+CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS '${DB_USER}'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '${DB_PASS}';
+GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON \`${DB_NAME}\`.* TO '${DB_USER}'@'localhost';
+FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
+SQL
+    # Save creds to a root-only file next to web root
+    CRED_FILE="/root/${DOMAIN}.db-credentials.txt"
+    cat > "$CRED_FILE" <<EOF
+Domain   : ${DOMAIN}
+Database : ${DB_NAME}
+Username : ${DB_USER}
+Password : ${DB_PASS}
+Host     : localhost
+EOF
+    chmod 600 "$CRED_FILE"
+    warn "DB created. Credentials saved: ${CRED_FILE} (root-only)"
+    echo "    DB=${DB_NAME}  USER=${DB_USER}  PASS=${DB_PASS}"
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$RUN_TLS" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Request TLS certificate (certbot)"
+    if command -v certbot >/dev/null; then
+        certbot --apache -d "$DOMAIN" -d "www.${DOMAIN}" \
+            -m "$ADMIN_EMAIL" --agree-tos --redirect -n \
+            || warn "Certbot failed — check DNS points to this server, retry manually"
+    else
+        warn "certbot not installed. Install: apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache"
+    fi
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Done: ${DOMAIN}"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+cat <<EOF
+
+  Domain    : http://${DOMAIN}$( [[ $RUN_TLS == yes ]] && echo "  (https enabled)" )
+  Web root  : ${WEB_ROOT}
+  Vhost     : ${VHOST_FILE}
+  Logs      : /var/log/apache2/${DOMAIN}-{error,access}.log
+$( [[ $MAKE_DB == yes ]] && echo "  DB creds  : /root/${DOMAIN}.db-credentials.txt" )
+
+  No TLS yet? After DNS points here:
+    certbot --apache -d ${DOMAIN} -d www.${DOMAIN} -m ${ADMIN_EMAIL} --agree-tos --redirect
+EOF
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# setup-webserver.sh — Fresh web server provisioning for Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
+#
+# Stack: Apache (event MPM) + PHP 8.3-FPM + MariaDB + Node + Python
+#        + phpMyAdmin (IP-restricted) + Composer + Certbot + UFW + Fail2ban
+#
+# .htaccess works: mod_rewrite enabled, AllowOverride All on web root.
+#
+# Idempotent: safe to re-run. Each section guarded.
+# Run as root or with sudo:  sudo bash setup-webserver.sh
+#
+set -euo pipefail
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# CONFIG — edit these before running
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+WEB_ROOT="/var/www/html"
+SERVER_NAME="${SERVER_NAME:-_}"          # e.g. example.com  (default: catch-all)
+ADMIN_EMAIL="${ADMIN_EMAIL:-admin@example.com}"   # for certbot
+TIMEZONE="${TIMEZONE:-UTC}"
+
+# phpMyAdmin access restriction — only these IPs/CIDRs may reach it.
+# Set to your office/home IP. Empty = localhost only (use SSH tunnel).
+PMA_ALLOW_IPS="${PMA_ALLOW_IPS:-127.0.0.1}"
+
+# Feature toggles — left UNSET so the script PROMPTS for each (Enter = default).
+# Set any via env to skip its prompt (good for automation/CI):
+#   sudo INSTALL_NODE=no INSTALL_SWAP=yes bash setup-webserver.sh
+#   Values: yes | no
+#
+#   INSTALL_PHPMYADMIN   (default yes)  phpMyAdmin, IP-restricted
+#   INSTALL_NODE         (default yes)  Node.js + PM2
+#   INSTALL_REDIS        (default yes)  Redis + php-redis
+#   INSTALL_CERTBOT      (default yes)  certbot (cert requested later, manually)
+#   INSTALL_SWAP         (default yes if RAM<4GB) swapfile
+#   HARDEN_SSH           (default no)   key-only SSH  <-- lockout risk, asks twice
+#   INSTALL_DB_BACKUP    (default yes)  nightly mysqldump cron
+#   TUNE_PHP             (default yes)  OPcache + FPM pool tuning
+#   INSTALL_HEALTHCHECK  (default yes)  /usr/local/bin/healthcheck
+NODE_MAJOR="${NODE_MAJOR:-22}"           # NodeSource LTS line
+
+PHP_VER="8.3"                            # Ubuntu 24.04 default
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Helpers
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log()  { printf '\n\033[1;32m==> %s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+warn() { printf '\033[1;33m!!  %s\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+die()  { printf '\033[1;31mXX  %s\033[0m\n' "$*" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+# Prompt only when stdin is a real terminal; else use env/default (CI-safe).
+interactive() { [[ -t 0 ]]; }
+
+# ask_yn VAR "Question" default(yes/no)
+#   - if VAR already set (via env): keep it, no prompt
+#   - else if interactive: ask, Enter = default
+#   - else (no TTY): use default
+ask_yn() {
+    local __var="$1" __q="$2" __def="${3:-no}" __cur="${!1:-}"
+    [[ -n "$__cur" ]] && return
+    if interactive; then
+        local __ans
+        read -rp "  ? $__q [$( [[ $__def == yes ]] && echo Y/n || echo y/N )]: " __ans
+        __ans="${__ans:-$__def}"
+        case "$__ans" in [Yy]*) printf -v "$__var" yes;; *) printf -v "$__var" no;; esac
+    else
+        printf -v "$__var" '%s' "$__def"
+    fi
+}
+
+[[ $EUID -eq 0 ]] || die "Run as root: sudo bash $0"
+. /etc/os-release
+[[ "${VERSION_ID:-}" == "24.04" ]] || warn "Tested on 24.04, found ${VERSION_ID:-unknown} — continuing"
+
+export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+
+# Detect RAM (MB) to pick swap default
+RAM_MB=$(free -m | awk '/^Mem:/{print $2}')
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Choose what to install (Enter = default)"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ask_yn INSTALL_PHPMYADMIN  "phpMyAdmin (IP-restricted web DB admin)?"        yes
+ask_yn INSTALL_NODE        "Node.js ${NODE_MAJOR}.x + PM2?"                  yes
+ask_yn INSTALL_REDIS       "Redis cache + php-redis?"                        yes
+ask_yn INSTALL_CERTBOT     "Certbot (Let's Encrypt TLS tooling)?"           yes
+ask_yn INSTALL_SWAP        "Swapfile (RAM safety, ${RAM_MB}MB detected)?"   "$([[ $RAM_MB -lt 4000 ]] && echo yes || echo no)"
+ask_yn INSTALL_DB_BACKUP   "Nightly DB backup cron?"                        yes
+ask_yn TUNE_PHP            "Tune PHP OPcache + FPM pool?"                    yes
+ask_yn INSTALL_HEALTHCHECK "Install healthcheck command?"                   yes
+ask_yn HARDEN_SSH          "Harden SSH (key-only, no root login)? RISK"     no
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "System update + base tools"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+apt-get update -y
+apt-get upgrade -y
+apt-get install -y \
+    curl wget git unzip zip ca-certificates gnupg lsb-release \
+    software-properties-common apt-transport-https \
+    htop vim ufw fail2ban unattended-upgrades \
+    build-essential pkg-config
+
+timedatectl set-timezone "$TIMEZONE" || warn "timezone set failed"
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Apache (event MPM) + mod_rewrite + proxy_fcgi"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+apt-get install -y apache2
+
+# Use event MPM (fast) with PHP-FPM, not prefork/mod_php.
+a2dismod -q mpm_prefork 2>/dev/null || true
+a2enmod -q mpm_event
+a2enmod -q rewrite headers ssl proxy proxy_fcgi setenvif http2
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "PHP ${PHP_VER} + FPM + common extensions"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+apt-get install -y \
+    php${PHP_VER} php${PHP_VER}-fpm php${PHP_VER}-cli \
+    php${PHP_VER}-mysql php${PHP_VER}-curl php${PHP_VER}-gd \
+    php${PHP_VER}-mbstring php${PHP_VER}-xml php${PHP_VER}-zip \
+    php${PHP_VER}-bcmath php${PHP_VER}-intl php${PHP_VER}-soap \
+    php${PHP_VER}-readline php${PHP_VER}-opcache
+
+# Hand PHP to FPM
+a2enconf -q php${PHP_VER}-fpm
+systemctl enable --now php${PHP_VER}-fpm
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Apache vhost — .htaccess enabled (AllowOverride All)"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+mkdir -p "$WEB_ROOT"
+cat > /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf <<EOF
+<VirtualHost *:80>
+    ServerName ${SERVER_NAME}
+    DocumentRoot ${WEB_ROOT}
+
+    <Directory ${WEB_ROOT}>
+        Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks
+        AllowOverride All
+        Require all granted
+    </Directory>
+
+    ErrorLog \${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
+    CustomLog \${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
+</VirtualHost>
+EOF
+
+# phpinfo test page (delete after verifying)
+[[ -f "${WEB_ROOT}/info.php" ]] || echo "<?php phpinfo();" > "${WEB_ROOT}/info.php"
+chown -R www-data:www-data "$WEB_ROOT"
+
+systemctl restart apache2
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "MariaDB (MySQL-compatible)"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+apt-get install -y mariadb-server mariadb-client
+systemctl enable --now mariadb
+
+# Non-interactive hardening (mysql_secure_installation equivalent).
+# Root uses unix_socket auth by default on 24.04 — no password needed locally.
+mariadb <<'SQL'
+DELETE FROM mysql.global_priv WHERE User='';
+DELETE FROM mysql.global_priv WHERE User='root' AND Host NOT IN ('localhost','127.0.0.1','::1');
+DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS test;
+DELETE FROM mysql.db WHERE Db='test' OR Db='test\\_%';
+FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
+SQL
+warn "MariaDB root uses unix_socket auth — connect with: sudo mariadb"
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Composer (PHP dependency manager)"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if ! command -v composer >/dev/null; then
+    EXPECTED="$(curl -s https://composer.github.io/installer.sig)"
+    php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer','/tmp/composer-setup.php');"
+    ACTUAL="$(php -r "echo hash_file('sha384','/tmp/composer-setup.php');")"
+    [[ "$EXPECTED" == "$ACTUAL" ]] || die "Composer installer checksum mismatch"
+    php /tmp/composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer
+    rm -f /tmp/composer-setup.php
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Python 3 + pip + venv"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+apt-get install -y python3 python3-pip python3-venv python3-dev
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_NODE" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Node.js ${NODE_MAJOR}.x (NodeSource) + PM2"
+    if ! command -v node >/dev/null || [[ "$(node -v 2>/dev/null)" != v${NODE_MAJOR}* ]]; then
+        curl -fsSL "https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_${NODE_MAJOR}.x" | bash -
+        apt-get install -y nodejs
+    fi
+    npm install -g pm2
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_REDIS" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Redis (cache / sessions)"
+    apt-get install -y redis-server php${PHP_VER}-redis
+    systemctl enable --now redis-server
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_PHPMYADMIN" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "phpMyAdmin (IP-restricted — NOT public)"
+    # Preseed so apt install is non-interactive; reconfigure web server manually.
+    debconf-set-selections <<'PMA'
+phpmyadmin phpmyadmin/dbconfig-install boolean true
+phpmyadmin phpmyadmin/reconfigure-webserver multiselect apache2
+phpmyadmin phpmyadmin/mysql/admin-pass password
+phpmyadmin phpmyadmin/app-password-confirm password
+phpmyadmin phpmyadmin/mysql/app-pass password
+PMA
+    apt-get install -y phpmyadmin
+
+    # Lock down access by IP. Default localhost-only -> use SSH tunnel.
+    ALLOW_BLOCK="    Require ip ${PMA_ALLOW_IPS}"
+    cat > /etc/apache2/conf-available/phpmyadmin-restrict.conf <<EOF
+<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
+    <RequireAny>
+${ALLOW_BLOCK}
+    </RequireAny>
+</Directory>
+EOF
+    a2enconf -q phpmyadmin-restrict
+    systemctl reload apache2
+    warn "phpMyAdmin reachable only from: ${PMA_ALLOW_IPS}"
+    warn "Remote admin? SSH tunnel:  ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 user@server  then http://localhost:8080/phpmyadmin"
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Firewall (UFW)"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ufw allow OpenSSH
+ufw allow 'Apache Full'        # 80 + 443
+ufw --force enable
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Fail2ban (SSH brute-force protection)"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+cat > /etc/fail2ban/jail.local <<'EOF'
+[sshd]
+enabled  = true
+maxretry = 5
+bantime  = 1h
+findtime = 10m
+EOF
+systemctl enable --now fail2ban
+systemctl restart fail2ban
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Unattended security upgrades"
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+dpkg-reconfigure -f noninteractive unattended-upgrades || true
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_CERTBOT" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Certbot (Let's Encrypt TLS)"
+    apt-get install -y certbot python3-certbot-apache
+    warn "Get a cert AFTER DNS points here:  certbot --apache -d ${SERVER_NAME} -m ${ADMIN_EMAIL} --agree-tos"
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_SWAP" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Swapfile (RAM safety net)"
+    # Why: when RAM fills, kernel pages cold memory to disk instead of OOM-killing
+    # MySQL/Apache. Disk-slow, but stops crashes on memory spikes (small VPS).
+    if swapon --show | grep -q '/swapfile'; then
+        warn "Swap already active, skipping"
+    else
+        # Size: ~2x RAM if tiny, else = RAM, capped 4G
+        if   [[ $RAM_MB -le 2000 ]]; then SWAP_G=$(( (RAM_MB*2+512)/1024 ))
+        elif [[ $RAM_MB -le 8000 ]]; then SWAP_G=$(( (RAM_MB+512)/1024 ))
+        else SWAP_G=4; fi
+        [[ $SWAP_G -lt 1 ]] && SWAP_G=1
+        fallocate -l "${SWAP_G}G" /swapfile || dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=$((SWAP_G*1024))
+        chmod 600 /swapfile
+        mkswap /swapfile
+        swapon /swapfile
+        grep -q '/swapfile' /etc/fstab || echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' >> /etc/fstab
+        # Less aggressive swapping — prefer RAM, swap only when needed (server tuning)
+        sysctl -w vm.swappiness=10
+        grep -q '^vm.swappiness' /etc/sysctl.conf || echo 'vm.swappiness=10' >> /etc/sysctl.conf
+        log "Swap on: ${SWAP_G}G  (swappiness=10)"
+    fi
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$TUNE_PHP" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Tune PHP — OPcache + FPM pool (sized to RAM)"
+    PHP_INI_DIR="/etc/php/${PHP_VER}/fpm/conf.d"
+    # OPcache: caches compiled PHP bytecode in RAM -> big speed win.
+    cat > "${PHP_INI_DIR}/99-custom-opcache.ini" <<'EOF'
+; Compiled-script cache. Skips re-parsing PHP on every request.
+opcache.enable=1
+opcache.memory_consumption=128       ; MB for cached bytecode
+opcache.interned_strings_buffer=16
+opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000  ; raise if many .php files
+opcache.revalidate_freq=2            ; sec between file-change checks (prod: higher)
+opcache.fast_shutdown=1
+; General PHP sanity for web apps
+upload_max_filesize=64M
+post_max_size=64M
+memory_limit=256M
+max_execution_time=60
+EOF
+    # FPM pool: how many PHP workers. Each ~30-50MB. Size to half RAM / 40MB.
+    POOL="/etc/php/${PHP_VER}/fpm/pool.d/www.conf"
+    MAXCHILD=$(( RAM_MB / 2 / 40 )); [[ $MAXCHILD -lt 4 ]] && MAXCHILD=4
+    if [[ -f "$POOL" ]]; then
+        sed -i \
+          -e "s/^pm.max_children = .*/pm.max_children = ${MAXCHILD}/" \
+          -e "s/^pm.start_servers = .*/pm.start_servers = $(( MAXCHILD/4>0?MAXCHILD/4:1 ))/" \
+          -e "s/^pm.min_spare_servers = .*/pm.min_spare_servers = $(( MAXCHILD/4>0?MAXCHILD/4:1 ))/" \
+          -e "s/^pm.max_spare_servers = .*/pm.max_spare_servers = $(( MAXCHILD/2>0?MAXCHILD/2:2 ))/" \
+          "$POOL"
+        log "FPM pm.max_children=${MAXCHILD}"
+    fi
+    systemctl restart php${PHP_VER}-fpm
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_DB_BACKUP" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Nightly DB backup cron"
+    mkdir -p /var/backups/mysql
+    chmod 700 /var/backups/mysql
+    # Dumps every DB to its own gzip, keeps 7 days. Root uses socket auth.
+    cat > /usr/local/bin/db-backup <<'EOF'
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+DEST=/var/backups/mysql
+STAMP=$(date +%F)
+for DB in $(mariadb -N -e "SHOW DATABASES" | grep -Ev '^(information_schema|performance_schema|mysql|sys)$'); do
+    mariadb-dump --single-transaction --quick "$DB" | gzip > "${DEST}/${DB}-${STAMP}.sql.gz"
+done
+# Rotate: delete dumps older than 7 days
+find "$DEST" -name '*.sql.gz' -mtime +7 -delete
+EOF
+    chmod 700 /usr/local/bin/db-backup
+    # Run 03:15 nightly
+    cat > /etc/cron.d/db-backup <<'EOF'
+15 3 * * * root /usr/local/bin/db-backup >> /var/log/db-backup.log 2>&1
+EOF
+    log "Backups -> /var/backups/mysql  (nightly 03:15, 7-day retention)"
+    warn "Manual run: sudo db-backup"
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$INSTALL_HEALTHCHECK" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Healthcheck command"
+    cat > /usr/local/bin/healthcheck <<EOF
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Quick server status. Run: sudo healthcheck
+echo "=== Services ==="
+for s in apache2 php${PHP_VER}-fpm mariadb redis-server fail2ban ufw; do
+    if systemctl list-unit-files | grep -q "^\${s}"; then
+        printf "%-18s %s\n" "\$s" "\$(systemctl is-active \$s 2>/dev/null)"
+    fi
+done
+echo "=== Disk ==="
+df -h / | awk 'NR==2{print "root "\$5" used ("\$3"/"\$2")"}'
+echo "=== Memory ==="
+free -h | awk '/^Mem:/{print "RAM  "\$3" / "\$2" used"} /^Swap:/{print "Swap "\$3" / "\$2" used"}'
+echo "=== Apache config ==="
+apache2ctl configtest 2>&1
+echo "=== Listening ports ==="
+ss -tlnp 2>/dev/null | awk 'NR>1{print \$4}' | sort -u
+EOF
+    chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/healthcheck
+    log "Run anytime: sudo healthcheck"
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ "$HARDEN_SSH" == "yes" ]]; then
+log "Harden SSH (key-only, no root login)"
+    # SAFETY: only proceed if at least one SSH key exists, else you lock yourself out.
+    KEYFOUND=no
+    for h in /root/.ssh/authorized_keys /home/*/.ssh/authorized_keys; do
+        [[ -s "$h" ]] && KEYFOUND=yes
+    done
+    if [[ "$KEYFOUND" != yes ]]; then
+        warn "NO SSH keys found in any authorized_keys — REFUSING to disable password login."
+        warn "Add your key first:  ssh-copy-id user@server   then re-run with HARDEN_SSH=yes"
+    else
+        cat > /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/99-hardening.conf <<'EOF'
+PermitRootLogin no
+PasswordAuthentication no
+ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
+KbdInteractiveAuthentication no
+MaxAuthTries 3
+EOF
+        if sshd -t; then
+            systemctl reload ssh
+            warn "SSH now KEY-ONLY, root login disabled. Keep this session open + test new login before closing!"
+        else
+            rm -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/99-hardening.conf
+            warn "sshd config test failed — hardening reverted, SSH untouched"
+        fi
+    fi
+fi
+
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+log "Done. Stack ready."
+#─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+cat <<EOF
+
+  Web root      : ${WEB_ROOT}
+  Test PHP      : http://<server-ip>/info.php   (DELETE after check: rm ${WEB_ROOT}/info.php)
+  Apache        : $(apache2 -v | head -1 | awk '{print $3}')  (event MPM + PHP-FPM)
+  PHP           : $(php -v | head -1 | awk '{print $2}')
+  MariaDB       : $(mariadb --version | awk '{print $5}' | tr -d ,)  -> connect: sudo mariadb
+$( command -v node    >/dev/null && echo "  Node          : $(node -v)" )
+$( command -v composer>/dev/null && echo "  Composer      : $(composer --version | awk '{print $3}')" )
+$( command -v python3 >/dev/null && echo "  Python        : $(python3 -V | awk '{print $2}')" )
+
+  .htaccess     : ENABLED (mod_rewrite + AllowOverride All)
+  Firewall      : UFW active (22/80/443)
+  TLS           : certbot --apache -d yourdomain.com
+
+  NEXT:
+    1. rm ${WEB_ROOT}/info.php
+    2. Point DNS to this server
+    3. Run certbot for HTTPS
+    4. Create app DB:  sudo mariadb -e "CREATE DATABASE app; CREATE USER 'app'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'CHANGEME'; GRANT ALL ON app.* TO 'app'@'localhost';"
+EOF